For Mao Tse-tung, see B. Schwartz, _Chinese Communism and the Rise of Mao_, second ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1958. For Mao's early years; see J. E. Rue, _Mao Tse-tung in Opposition, 1927-1935_, Stanford 1966. For the civil war, see L. M. Chassin, _The Communist Conquest of China: A History of the Civil War, 1945-1949_, Cambridge, Mass., 1965. For brief information on communist society, see Franz Schurmann and Orville Schell, _The China Reader_, vol. 3, _Communist China_, New York 1967. For problems of organization, see Franz Schurmann, _Ideology and Organization in Communist China_, Berkeley 1966. For cultural and political problems, see Ho Ping-ti, _China in Crisis_, vol. 1, _China's Heritage and the Communist Political System_, Chicago 1968. For a sympathetic view of rural life in communist China, see J. Myrdal, _Report from a Chinese Village_, New York 1965; for Taiwanese village life, see Bernard Gallin, _Hsin Hsing, Taiwan: A Chinese Village in Change_, Berkeley 1966.